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But she noted that the investments in the report are within index funds, and that “a large portion” are managed on behalf of third party clients.MassMutual, Northwestern,ladihuadaidai, and Sun Life (another insurer mentioned in the report) have contested Boyd’s findings in the past. Last year Boyd led a similar analysis, published as a letter to the editor in the New England Journal of Medicine, that found that seven insurance companies held some $4.5 billion in tobacco company stock. Then, too, Cybulski said that MassMutual’s holdings were just a fraction of what Boyd and his colleagues claimed.According to Boyd, the discrepancy in his figures and those cited by MassMutual may be due in part to two factors: Insurance companies may invest in fast food stocks through subsidiaries over which they have limited oversight (and therefore may not consider them direct investments), and some of the investments may be in index funds, a type of mutual fund tied to the collective performance of a large group of stocks, such as the S 500, which may include those of fast food companies.The database used in his analysis provides only the aggregate of a company’s holdings, Boyd says.Austin says she has “no idea” why the figures differ and says that Northwestern Mutual doesn’t use subsidiaries.15 ways smoking ruins your looksHowever, a growing body of research has linked frequent fast food consumption to weight gain,slimming fall dresses, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.As a result, the study notes, several cities and towns have restricted fast food restaurants via zoning laws.